约斯·德·穆尔:《从开放设计到元设计——3D打印数据库本体的冲击》,《社会科学战线》2014年第10期。
约斯·德·穆尔:《从开放设计到元设计——3D打印数据库本体的冲击》,《社会科学战线》2014年第10期。[Jos de Mul, From open design to metadesign. Social Science Front, no.10, 2014, 248-254]
国外社会科学从开放设计到元设计(metadesign) ——3D打印数据库本体的冲击
约斯·德·穆尔
(伊拉斯谟大学哲学系,荷兰鹿特丹 3062PA)
摘要:3D打印技术日益成熟并开始为诸多领域所应用,已经并将持续对科学技术和人类生活各个领域产生革命性影响。而3D打印与其他科学技术特别是生物技术一样,毁誉参半,对其是否应该广泛应用争论不下。文章将从3D打印对设计界的影响,特别是对于计算机本体数据库的应用角度分析、阐释该技术的优势及其广泛应用的不可回避性,提醒要重视其负面效应。
关键词:3D打印;元设计;本体数据库
3D打印作为一项备受关注的技术,其令人咋舌的功能在医疗、工业、生活领域内引起的巨大变革已经使我们不得不持续对其关注和思考。3D 技术在法律、监管、社会、政治以及经济模型创新等方面都已经有了不同理论维度的探讨。在这篇文章里,我将不同于以往的讨论,从另外一个角度——设计,特别是开放设计(open design)的角度来讨论3D打印的问题。
在Fabricated: The New World of 3D Printing[1]这本书中,Lipson和Kurman认为“3D技术是我们设计和制作东西的方式的一场革命”,因为它把一个物体的软件设计和它的实物显示(physical manifestation)之间的关系变得异常紧密。[2]尽管我认为在信息与通讯技术(ICT)世界里,当说起革命一词,我们应该多少有所怀疑,但是,很明显,3D技术在很多领域都有前途,而且,因其开放的特点(至少在一些方面是)而对传统设计实践提出了挑战。
接下来,我将讨论数据库本体(database ontology)的蕴意,这种数据库本体表征着我们当今设计界。我将要强调,为了发展开放设计的积极一面而不落陷阱,设计者不应该轻易放弃作为设计者的活动,而且更应该重新设计这些活动。未来的设计者不得不成为一个数据设计者,一个元设计者,他们不是设计一种客体对象,而是设计一个空间,在这个空间里,没有技巧的使用者可以通过使用者友好界面(user-friendly)设计自己的东西。
3D打印可以看作设计界的一个发展,它使设计行为的重新定义成为必要。2010年阿姆斯特丹重新定义设计大会[3]的宣传词中对开放设计的状况描述道:“设计工业正在经历着根本性的改变。开放设计、可下载的设计和分散的设计使得设计工业民主化,也意味着任何人都可以成为设计者和制造者。”这则消息的潜在意思似乎是说,开放设计,本质上是好的,我们应该发展它。(为了简略,我用open design 这个词来总括之前提到的那些设计界的发展,包括了可下载的、分散的设计以及重组模块使设计变得个性化,并用3D在家里或街角的专业商店打印出来)。尽管我对开放设计(或者任你管它叫什么)总体上持积极的态度,但是我认为还是应该注意这进程中的困难和陷阱,以避免我们会犯那种将孩子和洗澡水一起泼出去的错误。
文章分三个部分。首先我会对开放设计进行一个简要的描述。大部分人对开放设计是熟悉的,但是由于这个概念具有诸多不同的含义,因此容易产生概念混淆,对这些含义谜团进行说明或许是有用的。在论文的这部分,我也会概括一些开放设计将会或者已经遇到的反对意见。
正像“开放运动”(open movement)的其他成员一样,开放设计在很大程度上与个人电脑和互联网紧密相关(我们将会看到,开放运动包括多个运动,比如开放软件资源、开放科学、开放科技等。特别是开放生物学运动,是开放运动中一个很有意思的例子)。由于这个原因,为了能够对开放设计的机遇和陷阱都看得更清楚,我们应该研究一下数字领域(digital domain)的基本特点。因此,在论文第二部分,我会简要描述数据库本体,它是计算机的基础(ABCD of computing),也是数字领域的基础。
在论文第三部分,我会探讨一些数据库本体对设计界的影响。我将强调,为了发展开放设计的积极方面,而不掉入陷阱,设计者不应该过多放弃作为设计者的活动,而是重新设计这些活动。今后的设计者应当成为数据库设计者,或者说元设计者,他们不设计物品,而是定义设计空间,以便于那些缺乏技巧的用户以简便易行的方式进行设计。
一、开放设计
约•德•穆尔:《论(生物)技术崇高》,雷礼锡译, 载范明华、黄有柱主编
约•德•穆尔:《论(生物)技术崇高》,雷礼锡译, 载范明华、黄有柱主编:《美学与艺术研究》第5辑,武汉:武汉大学出版社,2014年,第175~185页。
Jos de Mul, "Lun (Sheng Wu) Ji Shu Chong Gao" (The (Bio)technological Sublime), trans. by Lei Li-xi, in Research of Aesthetics and Art (Mei Xue Yu Yi Shu Yan Jiu), Vol. 5, edited by Fan Ming-hua & Huang You-zhu, Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 2014, 175-185.
论(生物)技术崇高 [荷]约·德·穆尔 著 雷礼锡 译
如果说崇高概念以前习惯用于表明人类主体感到努力代表自然所体现的不足,那么后现代境遇——其中自然本身已被淡忘——业已产生一种崇高感,人类发现自身与自己的造物相对立 戴尔·查普曼 引言
自从18世纪中叶美学作为哲学的一门特殊学科出现[①],其历史就体现了两个明显趋向,体现了(后)现代艺术与文化作为一个整体的独特发展。一种趋向是,美学的发展表现为审美范畴的显著分化和增加。早期的美学主要集中在美的范畴,19世纪初至今宽泛的新的审美概念已经出现,如崇高、讽刺、滑稽、荒诞、平庸。毫无疑问,这一发展反映了现代艺术自身的发展,它不停地扩大审美经验和表达的领域。美的艺术成了“永不再美的艺术”。
命运的驯化——悲剧重生于技术精神 内容简介 (Chinese translation of Destiny Domesticated\)
Jos de Mul. 命运的驯化——悲剧重生于技术精神 内容简介 (Chinese translation of Destiny Domesticated. The Rebirth of Tragedy Out of the Spirit of Technology). Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press, July 2014.
命运的驯化——悲剧重生于技术精神 内容简介(Content abstract): 本书考察了西方文明试图驯化命运的三种途径:希腊悲剧文化对命运的英雄般的肯定,基督教对神圣天命的谦卑接受,现代技术社会对命运的“否弃”。在此背景下,作者认为技术的不可控性重新把悲剧的维度引入了我们的文化。通过对《解放了的普罗米修斯》《安提戈涅》《美狄亚》等古典悲剧,以及赫尔曼斯与维勒贝克的悲剧小说的广泛考察,作者清晰地阐发了当代视野中的悲剧观,赋予诸如自由意志、决定论和生命的偶然性等哲学论题以崭新的光辉,为审视“悲剧重生于技术精神”提供了一种新颖独特的视角。 命运,迟早会敲每个人的门:一场意外事故,一种吞噬一切的嫉妒,一种无法治愈的疾病,最终的死亡••••••命运,尽管不可避免,尽管难以承受,但它是我们的生活不得不面对的。英雄般地肯定?谦卑地承负?决然地否弃? 著、译者简介(Author and Translator) 约斯•德•穆尔(Jos de Mul) 国际著名美学家,荷兰鹿特丹Erasmus大学哲学教授,信息哲学与传播技术研究院导师,兼美国密歇根大学客座教授、复旦大学客座教授,常任荷兰政府智囊团专家;主要研究领域为美学、艺术哲学、新媒介与信息交流技术哲学、19世纪德国哲学、历史哲学;主要著作有《后现代艺术与哲学的浪漫之欲》《有限性的悲剧:狄尔泰诠释学的生命》《赛博空间的奥德赛——走向虚拟本体论与人类学》等,其著作已被译为多国文字。 麦永雄 北京师范大学文学博士,现为广西师范大学文学院教授、博士生导师,广西师范大学中国语言文学研究所所长、比较文学与世界文学学术带头人,广西师范大学“外国文学史”精品课程主持人,《东方丛刊》主编(2006—2010),已出版论著、译著多部,包括《赛博空间的奥德赛——走向虚拟本体论与人类学》。
ホモ・ルーデンス2.0 [Homo ludens 2.0]
ホモ・ルーデンス2.0 [Homo ludens 2.0] >, in: Ritsumeikan Studies in Language and Culture. Special issue "Homo ludens 2.0. International workshop with Prof. Jos de Mul". Volume 26, no.1 (2014), 1-18
ジョス・デ・ムル1)/樫田祐一郎,雁木 聡,原 草平(訳)
―遊びの領域は広大であるエミール・バンヴェニスト
※〔〕内は補足・訳注
序戯〔前戯 foreplay〕
この世界を幽霊が徘徊している―遊戯性という名の幽霊が。我々は今や,世界規模の「文化の遊戯化〔ludification〕」を目撃している。「遊戯的な〔ludic〕」という単語が,ヨーロッパやアメリカにおいて,遊び心に満ちた振る舞いや人工物を言い表すための語として定着した1960 年代以降,遊戯性はますます我々の文化における主流な特徴となってきている。この文脈でまず心に浮かぶのは,ひょっとするとコンピュータ・ゲームの途方も無い人気であるかもしれない。世界的な売り上げに関する限りでは,それらは既にハリウッド映画をも凌ぐほどになっているのだ。アメリカでの最近の研究によれば,8歳から18歳までの子供達は,一日に平均して90分はディスプレイ画面やコンピュータ,或いは携帯式のゲーム機(携帯電話も含む)でコンピュータ・ゲームに興じているとのことである2)。これは決して西洋に限った現象ではない。たとえば,韓国では全人口のおよそ3分の2が頻繁にオンラインゲームで遊んでおり,コンピュータ・ゲームは最も成長著しい産業の一つにして「韓国経済を駆動させる鍵」3)ともなっている。
‘Aan deze zijde van de utopie’
Jos de Mul, ‘Aan deze zijde van de utopie’. De wijsgerige antropologie van Helmuth Plessner, Inleiding in: Carola Dietze, Helmuth Plessner, leven en werk. Rotterdam: Lemniscaat, 2014.
De Duitse filosoof en socioloog Helmuth Plessner (1892-1985) is een van de boeiendste intellectuelen uit de twintigste eeuw. Hij leverde een essentiële bijdrage aan de wijsgerige antropologie en de sociologie. Tijdens de Weimarrepubliek keerde Plessner zich tegen de radicale ideologieën van links en rechts. Nadat hij in 1933 als ‘half-jood’ van de universiteit van Keulen werd verwijderd, emigreerde hij naar Nederland en doceerde er aan de universiteit van Groningen, totdat hij in 1943 door de Duitse bezettingsmacht opnieuw werd ontslagen.De laatste oorlogsjaren moest hij onderduiken.
Na de oorlog kreeg Plessner eerst zijn Groningse leerstoel terug en daarna, in 1951, werd hij benoemd als hoogleraar in het Duitse Göttingen.Hij werd vooral bekend door zijn in ballingschap geschreven boek Die verspätete Nation, een historische analyse van de vraag waarom Duitsland vatbaar was voor het nationaal-socialisme. Zijn gedachtegang zou na de oorlog veel invloed krijgen. In de context van het groeiende populisme en het debat over de toekomst van de Europese Unie hebben Plessners analyses nog niets aan betekenis verloren.
Voor de Nederlandse vertaling van het Carola Dietze's lezenswaardige biografie, die tevens een boeiend beeld geeft van het academische leven in Duitsland en Nederland rondom de Tweede Wereldoorlog, schreef ik onderstaande inleiding op Plessners filosofie.
The possibility of an island. Michel Houellebecq's tragic humanism
Jos de Mul, The possibility of an island. Michel Houellebecq's tragic humanism. Journal of Aesthetics and Phenomenology, Vol. 1 (2014), Issue 1, pp. 91–110.
The Possibility of an Island: Michel Houellebecq’s Tragic Humanism1
Abstract
Various authors, including Friedrich Nietzsche and George Steiner, have argued that the tragic worldview, as we find it expressed in Greek tragedy, has become an entirely incomprehensible phenomenon for (post)modern man. The claim defended in this article radically opposes this view. It is argued that tragedy can still teach us something today, and maybe even more so now than in the many intervening centuries that separate us from her days of glory in the fifth century bce. The tragic reveals itself once more in (post)modern society, and nowhere more clearly than in technology, the domain in which we believed the tragic had been domesticated or even eliminated. Referring to the tragic humanism in Michel Houellebecq’s novels The Elementary Particles and The Possibility of an Island it is argued that it is precisely in (post)modern (bio)technologies that we experience the rebirth of the tragic.
Keywords: tragedy, technology, humanism, transhumanism, Michel Houellebecq, Friedrich Nietzsche
Sleutelen zullen we!
Jos de Mul, Sleutelen zullen we! Kunstmatig van nature 1: genetica. Trouw, 25 januari 2014, Letter en Geest, 4-8.
Dit voorjaar houdt de filosoof Jos de Mul drie lezingen die zijn gebaseerd op het door hem geschreven Essay voor de Maand van de Filosofie 2014, Kunstmatig van nature. Onderweg naar Homo sapiens 3.0. De lezingen handelen over de impact van genetica, neurotechnologie en robotica voor de toekomst van de mens, en worden na afloop in Trouw gepubliceerd. De eerste daarvan vond dinsdag 21 januari 2014 plaats in het Academiegebouw van de Universiteit Utrecht.
De twintigste eeuw was met de auto, het vliegtuig, de telefoon, de kerncentrale, de computer en de televisie de eeuw van de fysica. Wanneer we kijken naar de omvang en de snelheid van de ontwikkelingen in de genetica, dan heeft het er alle schijn van dat de eenentwintigste de eeuw die van de biotechnologie wordt. De ontwikkelingen op dat terrein zullen grote economische, maatschappelijke en ethische implicaties hebben.
In de afgelopen decennia is het DNA-onderzoek verschoven van de analoge wereld van de biologie naar de digitale wereld. Zo kunnen computerprogramma’s als Biospice niet alleen simulaties maken van processen in bestaande cellen, ze kunnen ook het gedrag van gemodificeerde genen en genetische netwerken in silico (met behulp van een computersimulatie) analyseren en voorspellen. Wat programmeerbaar is, kunnen wetenschappers in veel gevallen ook in vitro (in de reageerbuis) en in vivo (in levende organismen) realiseren, door middel van genetische modificatie van bestaande organismen of de productie van synthetische organismen. Het onderzoek is de afgelopen jaren verschoven van het lezen naar het schrijven van de genetische code.
Presentation Chinese translation of Destiny Domesticated in Guangzhou
In August 2014, the Chinese translation of Jos de Mul's The Rebirth of Tragedy Out of the Spirit of Technology will be presented at the South China Literature Festival in Guangzhou (August 19-25, 2014). After the presentation, the author will be interviewed by translator Mai Yongxiong. They will also discuss previous Chinese publications of De Mul, such as Cyberspace Odyssey. So far, four books and a dozen articles of Jos de Mul have been published in Chinese translation.
The South China Book Festival is the most massive and influential Book Festival in China. In 2013, millions of citizens participated the festival. In 2014, the focus is on Dutch Literature. Kader Abdolah, Abram de Swaan, Jelle Reumer, and Jos de Mul have been been invited as special guests at the 'Dutch Literature Week, entitled 'Blooming Tulip in Flower City Guangzhou'.
For more information, see the website of the Dutch Foundation for Literature.
Plessner's Philosophical Anthropology. Perspectives and Prospects
Jos de Mul. ( ed.), Plessner's Philosophical Anthropology. Perspectives and Prospects. Amsterdam/Chicago: Amsterdam University Press/Chicago University Press, 2014.
Helmut Plessner (1892–1985) was one of the founders of philosophical anthropology, and his book Levels of the Organic and Man, first published in 1928, has inspired generations of philosophers, biologists, social scientists, and humanities scholars. This volume offers the first substantial introduction to Plessner’s philosophical anthropology in English, not only setting it in context with such familiar figures as Bergson, Cassirer, and Merleau-Ponty, but also showing Plessner’s relevance to contemporary discussions in a wide variety of fields in the humanities and sciences.
September 2014 - Hardback - 156 x 234 mm - 498 pages
ISBN 978 90 8964 634 7 - e-ISBN 978 90 4852 310 8 - €119.00 / £96.00
Open Access edition 2016: free download (see attachment)
Reviews
"Dieser Band ist inhaltlich von der sehr aufschlussreichen Einleitung bis zum äußerst spannenden Entwurf der 'Philosophical Anthropologt 2.0' äußerst gelungen. Es handelt sich sowohl um einen Beitrag zur Plessner Forschung, der weit über diese hinausreicht, als auch um einen Einblick in die aktuellen Debatten der philosophische Anthropologie. De Band nimmt den Faden der Philosophische Anthropologie Plessners auf, die sich von Anfang an als interdiziplinäres Unternehmen verstand. Nicht nu, das die Autoren aus verschiedenen Gebieten stammen, sondern Plessners Denken wird auch mit fremden Disziplinen konfrontiert. Auf diese Weise liefert dieser Band ein farbenfrohes Panorama, das dazu einlädt Pl;essner neu zu Lesen und interdisziplinär zu arbeiten."
Jahannes F.M. Schlick. Plessner 2.0? Die Philosophische Anthropologie imn Kontext der gegenwärtigen Natur- und Sozialwissenschaften. Internationales Jahrbuch für Philosophische Anthropologie. Volume 5 (2015), 279-289.
"Whether new historical developments demand revisions of, supplementations to, or merely further internal distinctions within the Plessnerian conceptual framework is an important question. A question of arguably at least equal importance is whether researchers will continue to confront new developments with the same systematic depth and breadth and with the same openness to and inventiveness about novel concepts, as Plessner did. From this perspective, Verbeek and de Mul’s “meta-eccentricity” and “poly-eccentricity” show the fecundity of Plessner’s approach as much as any limitation to it. These innovations show that new analyses of centeredness and decenteredness of various kinds, within a model of space and movement that allows for interpenetration among physical, logical, and phenomenological modes of appearance and functioning, can be built through variations—eccentric variations, perhaps—on Plessner’s initial account. [..] Further applications and developments of the Plessnerian concepts should be sought not only in scholarly and historical modes but also in constructive and experimental ones. Some of the strongest and most interesting essays in the new volume are in this genre of extension and re-invention.
The accumulated discussions of Plessner, in the nearly 100 years since the publication of Die Stufen, already include remarkably insightful and provocative work, both in sympathetic and critical modes. I think, for instance, of the discussions of Plessner in Erich Rothacker’s (1966) Philosophische Anthropologie; in many of Jürgen Habermas’s works in works by Jürgen Habermas, Herbert Schnädelbach, Hans Blumenberg, Odo Marquard, Peter Sloterdijk, and Marjorie Grene16; in Axel Honneth and Hans Joas’s (1988) Social Action and Human Nature, Roberto Esposito’s ([2002] 2011) Immunitas, and Christof Wulf’s ([2004] 2013) Anthropology: A Continental Perspective (see also, Gebauer and Wulf 2009); and now this volume. Plessner studies can become more compelling, more wide-ranging, and more eccentric, by building on a dialogue with this accumulating literature."
Phillip Honenberger. Eccentric Investigations of (Post-)Humanity. Review Essay. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 2016, Vol. 46(1) 56–76 (for the complete review see attachment).
Philosophical Anthropology 2.0. Reading Plessner in the Age of Converging Technologies
Jos de Mul. Philosophical Anthropology 2.0. In: Jos de Mul. (ed.), Plessner's Philosophical Anthropology. Perspectives and Prospects. Amsterdam/Chicago: Amsterdam University Press/Chicago University Press, 2014, 457-475.
Introduction
The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the relevance of Helmuth Plessner’s philosophical anthropology in the twenty-first century. In the first part of this chapter, I will argue that the heydays of philosophical anthropology in the first half of the twentieth is closely connected with the (Darwinian) naturalization of the worldview. Whereas the debate on naturalization resulted in an unfruitful opposition between ‘greedy reductionism’ and a no less ‘greedy transcendentism,’ Plessner’s philosophical anthropology, presented in his magnum opus Die Stufen des Organischen undderMensch (1928), offered a promising ‘third way.’
In the second part of this chapter, I will discuss some of the objections that have been raised in the course of the twentieth century against the alleged essentialism and anthropocentrism of the project of philosophical anthropology, and which, at least according to the critics, suggest that philosophical anthropology has to face the same fate as its subject ‘man,’ which - to use the often quoted metaphor of Foucault - is about to be “erased like a face drawn in the sand at the edge of the sea” (Foucault 1970, 387). I will argue that, although Plessner is far from being a hardboiled essentialist or a defender of anthropocentrism, the critiques invite a revision of at least some elements of Plessner’s philosophical anthropology in order to make room for a necessary reflection upon the challenges we face at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
In the third and last part of my chapter, I will argue that such a revision is especially needed in light of neo-Darwinism and the converging technologies that are intertwined with it. These technologies promise - or threaten, depending on one’s perspective - to give Foucault’s ‘End of Man’ a material turn. While classical Darwinism challenged the human place in cosmos mainly in theoretical terms, converging technologies like genetic modification, neuro-enhancement and electronic implants, have the potential to ‘overcome’ Homo sapiens sapiens as we know it in a more radical, practical sense.[1] This creates within us a certain urge towards fundamental post-essentialist and post-anthropocentric human self-reflection. The claim I will underpin is that Plessner’s anthropology still offers a fruitful starting point for the development of this ‘philosophical anthropology 2.0.’ I will demonstrate this by a critical re-interpretation of Plessner’s three ‘anthropological laws’ in light of the aforementioned converging technologies.