《有限性的悲剧:狄尔泰的生命释义学》(Chinese Translation of The Tragedy of Finitude)
约斯·德·穆尔 著,吕和应译:《有限性的悲剧:狄尔泰的生命释义学》,上海:上海三联书店出版社2013年版
作者: 约斯·德·穆尔 [荷] Jos de Mul
出版社: 上海三联书店
副标题: 狄尔泰的生命释义学
原作名: The Tragedy of Finitude. Dilthey's Hermeneutics of Life. Yale University Press, 2004/2010.
One of the founders of modern hermeneutics, German philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911) confronted the question of how modern, postmetaphysical human beings can cope with the ambivalence, contingency, and finitude that fundamentally characterize their lives. This book offers a reevaluation and fresh analysis of Dilthey’s hermeneutics of life against the background of the development of philosophy during the past two centuries.
Jos de Mul relates Dilthey’s work to other philosophers who influenced or were influenced by him, including Kant, Schleiermacher, Hegel, Comte, Mill, Nietzsche, Husserl, Heidegger, Gadamer, and Derrida. Weaving together systematic analysis and historical investigation, de Mul begins the book with an account of the horizon on which Dilthey developed his unfinished masterwork, Critique of Historical Reason. The author then elaborates a systematic reconstruction of Dilthey’s ontology of life, relates the ontology to the work of other twentieth-century philosophers, and positions Dilthey’s thought within current philosophical debate.
Jos de Mul is full professor in philosophical anthropology, Faculty of Philosophy, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Winner of the Praemium Erasmianum Research Prize.
"De Mul is an ambitious commentator. He reconstructs both biography and cultural context, and he interprets virtually all of Dilthey's more substantial writings while seeking to engage with his critics. In addition to extensive discussions of Dilthey's own writings, there are long sections on Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche, Husserl, Gadamer, and Derrida. In a book that may stand as one of the best and most thorough in the recent critical literature on Dilthey, de Mul successfully tackles all of these challenges"
In an era of heightened existential vulnerability and awareness of finitude there is a correspondingly heightened need for new contexts of human understanding. Here we owe an enormous debt of gratitude to de Mul for providing us with a superb explication of the thought of Wilhelm Dilthey, whose precocious insights into the finitude and historical contingency of human understanding promise to contribute immeasurably to the widening of its horizons.
Robert D. Stolorow, Human Studies.A Journal for Philosophy and the Social Sciences (2012) Read entire review
This work by de Mul is the definitive synthesis on Dilthey available in English. It not only develops the thought of Dilthey chronologically, it also sets his thought in an overall structure that he terms the Critique. This structure solves one of the major problems of Dilthey studies - how to organize his disparate thoughts when no definitive work of his exists. Until this book, most other treatments, while helpful and informative, have not managed to rise to the precision and clarity of this work.
One of most helpful aspects to this book is the author's ability to locate and identify the tensions in Dilthey and provide the structure that is needed to understand them. By describing how ambivalence, contingency, and finitude serve as structuring ideas to Dilthey's thought, the author saves a reader from finding Dilthey contradictory and incomprehensible.
One final aspect of praise for this work is the clarity of thought and writing. A helpful and detailed Table of Contents allows any reader to quickly discover the argument and structure of the book. In addition, most esoteric and technical terms and ideas (including many 19th Century German philosophical concepts) are explained quickly and understandably in a way that allows one unfamiliar with these ideas to follow. These explanations, however, do not sidetrack the argument from its purpose and therefore do not prove distracting to one more familiar with the history and ideas referenced.
In conclusion, after having read many works on Dilthey, I find this to be the clearest, most informative, and best written of them all. Not only will it introduce one to a great philosopher, it will also provide a synthesis of his thought that is invaluable.
Amazon.com review of reader
‘We spelen met vuur. We kunnen niet anders’
Jos de Mul. ‘We spelen met vuur. We kunnen niet anders’. Interview met Marcel ten Hooven. De Groene Amsterdamer 41. 3 October 2013, 39-41.
Heerlijke nieuwe wereld
De wereld bevindt zich op een snijvlak. De alomtegenwoordige crisis - niet alleen in de economie, maar ook in de politiek en het milieu - doet vermoeden dat er een tijdperk is afgesloten. ‘Niets wordt meer als vroeger', betogen politici van links tot rechts. Maar hoe wordt het dan wel? Hoe moeten we de huidige crises begrijpen, wat kunnen we verwachten van de stormachtige technologische ontwikkelingen, wat betekent dit voor ons mensbeeld, en waar gloort er hoop? In een serie interviews met De Groene Amsterdammer buigen de meest toonaangevende denkers van het moment, uit binnen-en buitenland, zich over deze vragen - en komen al tastend tot een antwoord: hoe ziet die heerlijke nieuwe wereld eruit?
Al eeuwenlang wenden mensen de techniek aan om het noodlot uit hun bestaan te weren, tot dusver tevergeefs. Zal het wel lukken nu met de bio- en informatietechnologie lichaam en geest object van techniek worden? Nee, zegt filosoof Jos de Mul, en dat is niet erg.
door Marcel ten Hooven beeld Bob Bronshoff
Zó kun je de geschiedenis volgens filosoof Jos de Mul ook lezen. Het christendom, met zijn belofte van geluk in het hiernamaals, kon mensen nog enigszins verzoenen met het aardse lijden, maar na het verlies van betekenis van dat geloof als cultuurvormende factor hadden ze er alle belang bij het aardse leven te verbeteren en veraangenamen. Verlost van het geloof in een Schepper gaven ze nu de eigen scheppingsdrang ruim baan. De omnipotente wetenschapper Francis Bacon schreef begin zestiende eeuw over de “wonderlijke werken’ van de wetenschap die “de natuur op de pijnbank’ legden, om haar dienstbaar te maken aan de mens. Dankzij de wetenschappelijke revolutie in industrie en landbouw werden visioenen over een beter leven op aarde in snel tempo werkelijkheid.
Wat is de essentie van de technologische revolutie van nu? Dat lichaam en geest van de mens zelf het ultieme object van de wetenschap zijn geworden. Dankzij de bio- en informatietechnologie kunnen we meer dan ooit voor God spelen, hoe ontoereikend onze middelen in vergelijking met de almacht ook zijn. De industriële revolutie had destijds een ongekende invloed op het leven van de mens, op de maatschappij en de politiek. Wat zal de impact van de informatie- en biotechnologische revolutie zijn? De experimenten met zichzelf bieden de mensen zowel de belofte van een bevrijding van het lijden, als het schrikbeeld van een macht die hen uit de handen glipt. Brengt de technologische revolutie de Heerlijke Nieuwe Wereld nabij of neemt de techniek de mens over?
Tragisch besef in Athene
Jos de Mul, Tragisch besef in Athene. Interview met Maarten Meester. Website Filosofie Magazine, 1 oktober 2013.
Jos de Mul hield tijdens het wereldcongres filosofie in Athene – 3000 deelnemers – een voordracht over de tragedie, en hoe het noodlot iedereen kan treffen. Jürgen Habermas sprak over internationale solidariteit. Geschiedenis en actualiteit verweven in een land getroffen door crisis. ‘De Grieken voelen zich vernederd door Europa en klampen zich vast aan hun grootse verleden.’
Tot een paar maanden voor aanvang bleef onduidelijk of het congres überhaupt wel zou doorgaan, vertelt Jos de Mul, hoogleraar filosofie van mens en cultuur aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam. ‘Het vindt iedere vijf jaar plaats. In 2008 is besloten het volgende congres in Athene te houden, dus op het moment dat de crisis net aan het uitbreken was. Dat heeft tot veel problemen geleid. Het gastland betaalt normaal gesproken, maar naar ik heb begrepen moest financieel van veel kanten worden bijgesprongen. Van welke kanten precies weet ik niet – ik ben niet betrokken geweest bij de organisatie. Maar zowel de Griekse organisatoren als de bestuurders van de International Federation of Philosophical Societies vertelden dat ze de organisatie maar op het nippertje rond hadden gekregen.’
‘Het merendeel van de vele honderden lezingen werd gehouden in The School of Philosophy. Aan dat gebouw alleen al kun je zien hoe trots de Grieken zijn op de filosofie: dat is zo groot dat er zeven van onze faculteiten inpassen. Nu was dat die naam wel een tikkeltje misleidend, want het gebouw bleek alle humaniora te huisvesten. Het hoofdprogramma met de plenaire lezingen vond plaats in het grote auditorium. Op sommige momenten bleek dat nog te klein, zoals bij de openings- en de sluitingsceremonie, en toen Jürgen Habermas zijn lezing hield – dat wilde iedereen nog wel meemaken, want die filosoof is inmiddels al 84.'
The biotechnological sublime. From nature to technology and back
Jos de Mul. The biotechnological sublime. From nature to technology and back. Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. The Institute Letter. Spring 2013, 17.
Many things are awesome, but none more awesome than man.
Sophocles
Every once in a while we experience something extraordinary. Such ‘awesome’ experiences might happen in our research, when we unexpectedly discover something really amazing, or when we come across a magnificent landscape, hear a piece of music that really moves us, or when we fall deeply in love. Traditionally these kinds of extraordinary experiences are called “sublime”. In the following I will present some reflections on one particular kind of sublimity: the technological sublime.
Schipperen tussen enthousiasme en ironie
Jan van Oers. Schipperen tussen enthousiasme en ironie. In gesprek met Jos de Mul. Schoolbestuur. Nummer 2, Maart 2013.
De pater familias wordt van oudsher geassocieerd met waardigheid en gezag. Geldt dat ook nog in onze tijd? Voor ons als geëmancipeerde burgers! Kijken wij nog met bewondering op naar onze gezagsdragers? In de pedagogische literatuur wordt ‘leiding geven’ (Führen) als een wezenlijke categorie beschouwd naast het ‘groeien’ en ‘laten groeien’ (Wachsenlassen). Als je van een kind verwacht dat het slaagt in het leven moet je hem niet alleen liefdevol en vol verwachting tegemoet treden maar hem op gezette momenten ook aanspreken en streng zijn. Met zo’n uitspraak hebben wij moeite. Wijst dat op een mogelijk gezagsvacuüm? Pim Fortuyn sprak destijds over De verweesde samenleving. Om het probleem van dit vacuüm verder te doordenken spreken we met professor dr. Jos de Mul, hoogleraar filosofie van mens en cultuur aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam.
Homo ludens 2.0: Play, Media and Identity
Valerie Frissen, Jos de Mul, and Joost Raessens. Homo ludens 2.0: Play, Media and Identity, in Judith Thissen, Robert Zwijnenberg and Kitty Zijlmans (eds.), Contemporary Culture. New Directions in Art and Humanities Research. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2013, 75-92.
Foreplay
Immense est le domaine du jeu. (Emile Benveniste)
A spectre is haunting the world - the spectre of playfulness. We are witnessing a global “ludification of culture”. Since the 1960s, in which the word “ludic” became popular in Europe and the United States to designate playful behaviour and artefacts, playfulness has increasingly become a mainstream characteristic of our culture. Perhaps the first thing that comes to mind in this context is the immense popularity of computer games, which, as far as global sales are concerned, have already outstripped Hollywood. According to a recent study in the United States, 8 to 18 year olds play computer games on average for one hour and a half each day on their consoles, computers and handheld gaming devices (including mobile phones).1 This is by no means only a Western phenomenon. In South Korea, for example, about two-thirds of the country’s total population frequently plays online games, turning computer gaming into one of the fastest- growing industries and “a key driver for the Korean economy”.2Although perhaps most visible, computer game culture is only one manifestation of the process of ludification that is penetrating every cultural domain.3 In our present experience economy, for example, playfulness not only characterizes leisure time (fun shopping, game shows on television, amusement parks, playful computer and Internet use), but also domains that used to be serious, such as work (which should chiefly be fun nowadays), education (serious gaming), politics (ludic campaigning) and even warfare (video games like war simulators and interfaces). According to Jeremy Rifkin, “play is becoming as important in the cultural economy as work was in the industrial economy”.4 In ludic culture, sociologist Zygmunt Bauman argues, playfulness is no longer restricted to childhood, but has become a lifelong attitude: “The mark of postmodern adulthood is the willingness to embrace the game whole-heartedly.”5 Bauman’s remark suggests that in postmodern culture identity has become a playful phenomenon too.In this article we want to re-visit Johan Huizinga’s Homo ludens (1938) to reflect on the meaning of ludic technologies in contemporary culture. First we will analyze the concept of “play”. Next, we will discuss some problematic aspects of Huizinga’s theory, which are connected with the fundamental ambiguities that characterize play phenomena, and reformulate some of the basic ideas of Huizinga. On the basis of this reformulation we will analyze the ludic dimension of new media and sketch an outline of our theory of ludic identity construction.
Gimme Shelter. Global Discourses in Aesthetics
Jos de Mul and Renée van de Vall (eds.). Gimme Shelter. Global Discourses in Aesthetics. International Yearbook of Aesthetics. Vol. 15. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2013.
Gimme Shelter. Global discourses in aesthetics contains a series of reflections on the impact of globalization on the arts and the aesthetic reflection on the arts. The authors – fifteen distinguished aestheticians from all over the world - discuss a variety of aesthetic questions brought forth by the aforementioned process of globalization. How do artistic practices and aesthetic experiences change in response to these developments? How should we articulate these changes on the theoretical level? When reflections on the significance of art and aesthetic experiences can no longer pretend to be universal, is it still possible to lay claim to a wider validity than merely that of one’s own particular culture? What type of vocabulary allows for mutual – dialogical or even polylogical – exchanges and understandings when different traditions meet, without obliterating local differences? Is there a possibility for a creative re-description of globalization? And is there a meaning of ‘the global’ that cannot be reduced to universalism and unification? Can we seek shelter in a legitimate way?
Free download of the entire book (Open Access edition)
eLife. From biology to technology and back again
Jos de Mul, eLife. From biology to technology and back again, in P. Bruno and S.Campbell (Eds.), The Science, Politics and Ontology of Life-Philosophy. London: Bloomsbury, 2013, 93-107.
One of the most striking developments in the history of the sciences over the past fifty years has been the gradual moving towards each other of biology and computer science and their increasing tendency to overlap. Two things may be held responsible for that. The first is the tempestuous development of molecular biology which followed the first adequate description, in 1953, of the structure of the double helix of the DNA, the carrier of hereditary information. Biologists therefore became increasingly interested in computer science, the science which focuses, among other things, on the question what information really is and how it is encoded and transferred. No less important was that it would have been impossible to sequence and decipher the human genome without the use of ever stronger computers. This resulted in a fundamental digitalization of biology. This phenomenon is particularly visible in molecular biology, where DNA-research increasingly moves from the analogical world of biology to the digital world of the computer.[1]
In their turn, computer scientists have become increasingly interested in biology. One of the highly promising branches of computer science which has developed since the 1950s was the research into artificial intelligence and artificial life. Although the expectations were high – it was predicted that within some decades computers and robots would exist whose intelligence would exceed by far that of man – success remained limited to some specific areas, in spite of the spectacular development of information technologies in the past decades. It is true that, more than fifty years later, we have computers which can defeat the chess world champion, but in many areas toddlers and beetles still perform better than the most advanced computers. Top down programming of artificial intelligence and artificial life turned out to be much less simple than expected. This not only resulted in the fact that computer scientists started to study in depth the fundamental biological question what life basically is, but it also inspired them to use a bottom up approach, which consists of having computers and robots develop ‘themselves’ in accordance with biological principles.
Dezentrierungen. Zur Konfrontation von Philosophischer Anthropologie, Strukturalismus und Poststrukturalismus
Bruno Accarino, Jos de Mul and Hans-Peter Krüger (eds.). Internationales Jahrbuch für Philosophische Anthropologie. Band 3 / International Yearbook for Philosophical Anthropology. Volume 3. R. Becker, J. Fischer & M. Schloßberger (eds). Dezentrierungen. Zur Konfrontation von Philosophischer Anthropologie, Strukturalismus und Poststrukturalismus. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2012, 364 p.
Die Philosophische Anthropologie ist in der Forschung bislang vor allem zum Existenzialismus und zur Kritischen Theorie in Beziehung gesetzt worden. Das erstaunt wenig, wenn man die Wirkungsmacht dieser beiden Pradigmen bedenkt.
Ertragreicher ist jedoch der bisher vernachlässigte Vergleich mit Strukturalismus und Poststrukturalismus, da hier der Anteil an gemeinsamen Problemen und Fragestellungen größer ist, was jede Diskussion von vornherein interessanter macht: Berührt sich die Philosophische Anthtropologie mit dem Strukturalismus nicht insofern in einer Abkehr vom Historismus, als beide Traditionen nach der Rolle durchlaufender Strukturen fragen, die den Zugang zu den Phänomenen regulieren? Und trifft sie sich nicht zugleich mit der vom Poststrukturalismus artikulierten Kritik an der Verabsolutierung dieser Regelsysteme, wenn sie auf der Geschichtlichkeit und Lebendigkeit der Praktiken besteht, in denen die Subjekte ihre Identität erst ausbilden, aber auch aufs Spiel setzen? Die Beiträge des Bandes zeichnen das Streitgespäch zwischen den drei Strömungen nach und diskutieren deren Gemeinsamkeiten.
Destiny Domesticated, or Five Not-So-Easy Ways to Tame Fate
Jos de Mul. Destiny Domesticated, or Five Not-So-Easy Ways to Tame Fate, in Frank van der Stok (ed.). Daan Paans: Letters of Utopia. Breda: The Eriskay Connection, 2013, 145-157.
Fate. Sooner or later it knocks at everyone’s door. In many different ways. It can enter our lives gradually in the guise of an incurable disease or spring on us suddenly in the guise of an unexpected oncoming car in our lane. It can befall us from the outside like a devastating tsunami, or loom up from within like an all-consuming jealousy. Fate can happen unintentionally, or be done to us – or another person – on purpose. It comes in the horrible guise of war and the intoxicating appeal of an addiction. It is painful when it happens to us, and often even more painful when it befalls someone we love. Without wanting it our frail happiness is continuously interrupted by fatal events. And even when we are lucky enough to avoid grand catastrophes in our lives, in the end we inevitably lose our loved ones and we, ourselves die. While fate inescapably befalls us we find it hard to bear that thought. It is a burden that we cannot carry, but that we also cannot shed.